五、合理適度的國防開支
V. Reasonable and Appropriate Defense Expenditure

中國堅持發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一，堅持國防建設與經濟建設協調發展，堅持勤儉建軍方針，依據國家經濟發展水平和國防需求，合理確定國防費規模結構，依法管理和使用國防費。
China attends to both development and security. It is making an integrated effort to build a prosperous country and a strong military, and striving for the coordinated development of national defense and the economy. Following the principle of building the armed forces through diligence and thrift, China takes into consideration the development of the economy and the demands of national defense, decides on the appropriate scale and composition of defense expenditure, and manages and applies these funds in accordance with law.

改革開放以來，中國國防開支經歷了從維持性投入到適度增長的發展歷程，總體保持與國家經濟和財政支出同步適度協調增長。國防費占國內生產總值（GDP）比重從1979年最高的5.43%下降到2017年的1.26%，近30年一直保持在2%以內。1979年國防費占國家財政支出比重為17.37%，2017年為5.14%，下降超過12個百分點，總體下降趨勢明顯。
Since reform and opening-up, China has increased its defense expenditure from a level of sustainability to moderate growth. On the whole, defense expenditure has grown in tandem with the growth of the national economy and government expenditure. Defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP has fallen from a peak of 5.43% in 1979 to 1.26% in 2017. It has remained below 2% for the past three decades. Defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure was 17.37% in 1979 and 5.14% in 2017, a drop of more than 12 percentage points. The figures are on a clear downward trend.

2012年以來中國國防費
China’s Defense Expenditure Since 2012

進入新時代，與國家現代化進程相一致，著眼建設與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，進一步縮小與世界先進軍事水平的差距，解決軍隊打現代化戰爭能力不夠的問題，中國國防費規模保持了穩步增長，支出結構持續優化。
In the new era, to keep pace with the country’s modernization, China is focusing on building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing, and its national security and development interests. China is striving to narrow the gap between its military and the world’s leading militaries, and make up the deficiencies in the military’s capabilities in modern warfare. Defense expenditure is growing steadily and the breakdown of spending is being continuously optimized.

中國國防費按用途劃分，主要由人員生活費、訓練維持費和裝備費構成。人員生活費用于軍官、文職干部、士兵和聘用的非現役人員，以及軍隊供養的離退休干部工資、津貼、伙食、被裝、保險、福利、撫恤等。訓練維持費用于部隊訓練、院校教育、工程設施建設維護以及其他日常消耗性支出。裝備費用于武器裝備的研究、試驗、采購、維修、運輸、儲存等。國防費的保障范圍包括現役部隊、預備役部隊、民兵等。
In terms of usage, China’s defense expenditure is assigned to three sectors – personnel, training and sustainment, and equipment. Personnel expenses mainly cover the salaries, allowances, food, bedding, clothing, insurance, subsidies and pensions for officers, non-ranking officers, soldiers and contracted civilians, as well as retirees supported from the defense budget. Training and sustainment expenses mainly cover training of the troops, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenditure on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, testing, procurement, repairs, maintenance, transport and the storage of weaponry and equipment. In terms of scope, defense expenditure covers all active forces, reserve forces and militia.

2012年以來增長的國防費主要用于：（一）適應國家經濟社會發展，提高和改善官兵生活福利待遇，落實軍隊人員工資收入定期增長機制，持續改善基層部隊工作、訓練和生活保障條件。（二）加大武器裝備建設投入，淘汰更新部分落后裝備，升級改造部分老舊裝備，研發采購航空母艦、作戰飛機、導彈、主戰坦克等新式武器裝備，穩步提高武器裝備現代化水平。（三）深化國防和軍隊改革，保障軍隊領導指揮體制、部隊規模結構和力量編成、軍事政策制度等重大改革。（四）保障實戰化訓練，保障戰略訓練、戰區聯合訓練、軍兵種部隊訓練等，加強模擬化、網絡化、對抗性訓練條件建設。（五）保障多樣化軍事任務，保障國際維和、護航、人道主義救援、搶險救災等行動。
Since 2012, the increase in defense expenditure has been primarily spent for the following purposes:
1. Adapting to national economic and social development, improving the wellbeing of service personnel, ensuring regular increases in military salaries, and bettering the working, training and living conditions of the troops;
2. Increasing input in weaponry and equipment development, phasing out the outdated, upgrading the old, and developing and procuring the new, such as aircraft carriers, fighters, missiles and main battle tanks, to steadily modernize weaponry and equipment;
3. Deepening national defense and military reform, supporting major reforms in military leadership and command systems, force structure and composition, and policies and institutions;
4. Supporting training in real combat conditions, enhancing strategic-level training, joint training at TCs’ level and training of services and arms, and improving the conditions for simulated, networked and force-on-force training; and
5. Supporting diverse military tasks including the UNPKOs, vessel protection operations, humanitarian assistance operations and disaster relief efforts.

2012年至2017年，中國國防費從6691.92億元人民幣增加到10432.37億元人民幣。中國國內生產總值（GDP）按當年價格計算年平均增長9.04%，國家財政支出年平均增長10.43%，國防費年平均增長9.42%，國防費占國內生產總值平均比重為1.28%，占國家財政支出平均比重為5.26%。國防費占國內生產總值的比重穩定，與國家財政支出保持同步協調增長。
From 2012 to 2017, China’s defense expenditure increased from RMB669.192 billion to RMB1,043.237 billion. China’s GDP and government expenditure grew at average rates of 9.04% and 10.43% respectively, calculated on the price of the indicated years, while its defense expenditure increased by an average of 9.42%. Defense expenditure accounted for 1.28% of GDP and 5.26% of government expenditure on average. The percentage of China’s defense expenditure in GDP remained stable and grew in coordination with the increase of government expenditure.

中國國防費實行嚴格的財政撥款和預算管理制度。國防費使用堅持需求牽引、規劃主導，堅持量入為出、量力而行，加強集中統管，統籌存量增量，逐步推行國防費績效管理，推進以效能為核心的軍費管理改革。改進和加強預算管理，深化軍隊資金集中收付制度改革，加快經費標準化建設步伐，完善軍隊資產資金管理辦法。
China applies strict mechanisms of fiscal allocation and budget management on its defense expenditure. It pursues a level of defense spending that is demand-oriented, planning-led and consistent with its capacity. It endeavors to strengthen unified management, coordinate existing and incremental expenditure, gradually practice cost-effectiveness management, and steadily press ahead with reform that is centered on efficacy and efficiency. To improve and strengthen budget management, China’s armed forces are extending reform of the centralized collection and payment of military funds, accelerating standardization in relation to defense expenditure, and improving the management of assets and funds.

國防費的國際比較
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context

在2017年國防費位居世界前列的國家中，中國國防費無論是占國內生產總值和國家財政支出的比重，還是國民人均和軍人人均數額，都處于較低水平。
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.

中國已成為世界第二大經濟體。國防費規模居于世界第二位，是由中國的國防需求、經濟體量、防御性國防政策所決定的。從開支總量看，2017年中國國防費不到美國的四分之一。
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.

從國防費占國內生產總值比重看，2012年至2017年，中國國防費占國內生產總值平均比重約為1.3%，美國約為3.5%、俄羅斯約為4.4%、印度約為2.5%、英國約為2.0%、法國約為2.3%、日本約為1.0%、德國約為1.2%。中國國防費占國內生產總值的平均比重在國防費位居世界前列的國家中排在第六位，是聯合國安理會常任理事國中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).

從國防費占財政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中國國防費占財政支出平均比重約為5.3%，美國約為9.8%、俄羅斯約為12.4%、印度約為9.1%、英國約為4.8%、法國約為4.0%、日本約為2.5%、德國約為2.8%。中國國防費占財政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.

從人均國防費水平看，2017年中國國民人均國防費為750元人民幣，約相當于美國的5%、俄羅斯的25%、印度的231%、英國的13%、法國的16%、日本的29%、德國的20%。中國軍人人均國防費為52.16萬元人民幣，約相當于美國的15%、俄羅斯的119%、印度的166%、英國的27%、法國的38%、日本的35%、德國的30%。中國國民人均國防費排在第七位，軍人人均國防費排在第六位。
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.

中國堅持執行國防費報告和公布制度。1978年以來，中國政府每年向全國人大提交財政預算報告，并對外公布年度國防費預算總額。1995年，中國政府發布《中國的軍備控制與裁軍》白皮書，向世界公布國防費情況。2007年以來，中國參加聯合國軍費透明制度，每年向聯合國提交上一財政年度國防費基本數據，按現役部隊、預備役部隊、民兵等類別，提交人員生活費、訓練維持費、裝備費三大類開支數額和國防費總額，并說明中國國防費的主要用途和占國內生產總值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.

總體上看，中國國防費是公開透明的，開支水平是合理適度的，與世界主要國家相比，國防費占國內生產總值和財政支出的比重、人均國防費是偏低的。中國是世界上唯一尚未實現完全統一的大國，是世界上周邊安全形勢最復雜的國家之一，維護國家主權、領土完整、海洋權益等面臨嚴峻挑戰。中國日益走近世界舞臺中央，國際社會對中國軍隊提供國際公共安全產品的期待不斷增大。中國軍隊處于向信息化轉型階段，順應世界新軍事革命發展趨勢、推進中國特色軍事變革的任務艱巨繁重。中國國防開支與維護國家主權、安全、發展利益的保障需求相比，與履行大國國際責任義務的保障需求相比，與自身建設發展的保障需求相比，還有較大差距。中國國防開支將與國家經濟發展水平相協調，繼續保持適度穩定增長。
All in all, China’s defense expenditure is open and transparent, and its spending is reasonable and appropriate. Compared to other major countries, the ratios of China’s defense expenditure to GDP and to government expenditure, as well as the per capita defense expenditure of the country, remain at a relatively low level. As the only major country yet to be completely reunified, and one of the countries with the most complex peripheral security environment, China faces serious challenges in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and maritime rights and interests. China is moving closer to the center of the world stage, and the international community expects more international public security goods from the Chinese military. In addition, China’s armed forces are moving towards informationization and shouldering arduous tasks in following the trends of worldwide RMA and speeding up RMA with Chinese characteristics. There is still a wide gap between China’s defense expenditure and the requirements for safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests, for fulfilling China’s international responsibilities and obligations as a major country, and for China’s development. In step with national economic development, defense expenditure of China will maintain a moderate and steady growth.