四、改革中的中國國防和軍隊
IV. Reform in China’s National Defense and Armed Forces

人民軍隊發展史，就是一部改革創新史。進入新時代，適應世界新軍事革命發展趨勢和國家安全需求，中國全面推進國防和軍隊現代化建設，全面深化國防和軍隊改革，著力解決體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，邁出了強軍興軍歷史性步伐。
The history of the people’s armed forces is a history of reform and innovation. In the new era, China is advancing defense and military modernization across the board and deepening reform in national defense and armed forces in all respects, with a focus on removing institutional barriers and solving structural and policy-related problems to adapt to the trends of worldwide RMA and the demands of national security. Historic strides have been made in strengthening the armed forces.

重塑領導指揮體制
Reforming the Leadership and Command System

領導指揮體制改革是適應現代軍隊專業化分工和信息時代能打仗、打勝仗的要求，提高軍隊作戰效能和建設效益的重大舉措。按照“軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建”原則，強化軍委集中統一領導和戰略指揮、戰略管理功能，打破長期實行的總部體制、大軍區體制、大陸軍體制，構建新的軍隊領導管理和作戰指揮體制。
The reform in the leadership and command system is a significant measure in response to the call of a modern and specialized military capable of fighting and winning wars in the information age, aiming to improve the operational effectiveness and development efficiency of the military. Adhering to the general principle of “the CMC exercising overall leadership, the TCs responsible for military operations and the services focusing on developing capabilities”, the PLA endeavors to enhance the CMC’s centralized and unified leadership and its functions of strategic command and strategic management. The PLA has dismantled the long-established systems of general departments, military area commands (MAC) and the force composition with a dominating land force, and established new leadership, management and operational command systems.

調整組建新的軍委機關部門。優化軍委機關職能配置和機構設置，由過去的總參謀部、總政治部、總后勤部、總裝備部四總部調整為軍委機關15個職能部門，作為軍委集中領導的參謀機關、執行機關、服務機關。指揮、建設、管理、監督等路徑更加清晰，決策、規劃、執行、評估等職能配置更加合理。
Reorganizing and establishing new CMC functional organs. To optimize the functional and institutional setup of the CMC organs, the former General Staff Headquarters, General Political Department, General Logistics Department and General Armaments Department have been reshuffled into 15 organs under the centralized CMC leadership to advise, execute and serve. Thus, the chains of command, development, management and supervision are more streamlined, and the responsibilities of decision-making, planning, execution and assessment are more properly delegated.

完善軍兵種領導管理體制。整合原四總部的陸軍建設職能，成立陸軍領導機構；整合各軍種和軍委機關的戰略支援力量，成立戰略支援部隊；第二炮兵更名為火箭軍；整合主要承擔通用保障任務的戰略戰役力量，成立聯勤保障部隊，構建起“中央軍委－軍種－部隊”的領導管理體系。
Improving the leadership and management system for services and arms. The PLA has:
??Established the PLAA leading organs by integrating the functions of the former general departments concerning the development of the land force;
??Established the PLASSF by combining strategic support forces across the services and CMC organs;
??Renamed the Second Artillery Force the PLARF; and
??Established the PLAJLSF by integrating strategic and campaign level forces mainly for general-purpose support.
Thus, a CMC-Services-Troops leadership and management system has been put in place.

建立健全聯合作戰指揮體制。健全軍委聯合作戰指揮機構，組建戰區聯合作戰指揮機構，形成平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精干高效的聯合作戰指揮體系。撤銷沈陽、北京、蘭州、濟南、南京、廣州、成都7個大軍區，成立東部、南部、西部、北部、中部5個戰區。通過改革，構建起“中央軍委－戰區－部隊”的作戰指揮體系。
Establishing and improving the joint operations command system. By improving the joint operations command organ of the CMC and setting up those at the theater level, the PLA has established a lean and efficient joint operations command system composed of permanent and specialized commanding establishments for both peacetime and wartime operations. The former Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu MACs have been reorganized into 5 TCs: Eastern Theater Command (ETC), Southern Theater Command (STC), Western Theater Command (WTC), Northern Theater Command (NTC), and Central Theater Command (CTC). Thus, a CMC-TCs-Troops operations command system has been established.

建立健全法治監督體系。組建新的軍委紀律檢查委員會（軍委監察委員會），由中央軍委直接領導，向軍委機關部門和各戰區派駐紀檢組；組建新的軍委政法委員會，按區域設置軍事法院、軍事檢察院；組建軍委審計署，改革審計監督體制，全部實行派駐審計，形成決策權、執行權、監督權既相互制約又相互協調的權力運行體系。
Building and improving the law-based supervision system. The Chinese military has established the CMC Discipline Inspection Commission (CMCDIC, also the CMC Supervision Commission, CMCSC) under the direct leadership of the CMC, and dispatched disciplinary inspection teams to the CMC functional organs and all TCs. It has set up the CMC Politics and Law Commission (CMCPLC) and established regional military courts and procuratorates. It has put into place the CMC Audit Office (CMCAO), reformed the audit-based oversight system, and implemented PLA-wide resident auditing. Thus, power is exercised in a way that decision-making, execution and supervision check each other and function in coordination.

優化規模結構和力量編成
Optimizing Size, Structure and Force Composition

規模結構和力量編成改革是推進軍隊組織形態現代化、構建中國特色現代軍事力量體系的關鍵一步。按照調整優化結構、發展新型力量、理順重大比例關系、壓減數量規模的要求，推動軍隊由數量規模型向質量效能型、人力密集型向科技密集型轉變。
Reform in size, structure and force composition is a pivotal step to optimizing military organizational structure and establishing a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics. Following the instruction to optimize structures, develop new-type forces, adjust proportions and reduce sizes, the PLA is striving to transform from a quantity-and-scale model to that of quality and efficiency, as well as from being personnel-intensive to one that is S&T-intensive.

調整軍隊規模比例，重塑力量結構布局。裁減軍隊員額30萬，現役總員額減至200萬。擴大士官和文職人員編配范圍，壓減各級機關編制，減少各級機關內設機構、領導層級和人員，精簡文藝體育新聞出版、服務保障和院校、醫療、倉庫、科研院所等機構和人員，團級以上機關人員減少約四分之一，非戰斗單位人員壓減近一半。大幅壓減陸軍現役員額，保持空軍現役員額穩定，適度增加海軍、火箭軍現役員額，優化各軍兵種內部力量結構。優化后備力量結構。調整作戰力量部署，形成與維護新時代國家安全需要相適應的戰略布局。
Adjusting scale and proportion, and restructuring force composition. 300,000 personnel have been cut to keep the total active force at 2 million. Reform measures have been taken to transfer more officer positions to non-commissioned officers and civilian staff, downsize the leading organs at all levels by reducing their subordinate sections, leadership hierarchies and staff, and streamline the institutions and personnel in arts, sports, press, publication, logistical support, medical facilities, depots, and educational and research institutes. Thus, the number of personnel in the leading organs at and above regiment level has been cut by about 25%, and that of non-combat units by almost 50%. The PLA has significantly downsized the active force of the PLAA, maintained that of the PLAAF at a steady number, moderately increased that of the PLAN and PLARF, and optimized the force structures of all services and arms. The PLA has restructured the defense reserves. The deployment of combat forces has been adjusted for a strategic configuration that meets the demands of safeguarding China’s national security in the new era.

調整作戰部隊編成，重構新型作戰力量。陸軍原18個集團軍整合重組為13個集團軍。在全軍主要作戰部隊實行“軍－旅－營”體制，充實兵種作戰力量，減少指揮層級，降低合成重心。增加特種作戰、立體攻防、兩棲作戰、遠海防衛、戰略投送等新型作戰力量，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。
Reorganizing the troops and rebuilding new-type combat forces. The previous 18 group armies have been reorganized into 13 new ones. All major combat units of the PLA follow a group army-brigade-battalion system. Reform measures have been taken to reinforce the combat capacity of the arms, reduce the command hierarchies and combine the troops at lower levels. New types of combat forces have been enhanced to conduct special operations, all-dimensional offense and defense, amphibious operations, far seas protection and strategic projection, aiming to make the force composition complete, combined, multi-functional and flexible.

優化院校力量布局，重構軍事科研體系。解放軍和武警部隊原有77所院校整合為44所，重塑國防大學、國防科技大學。成立軍委軍事科學研究指導委員會，調整組建新的軍事科學院、軍種研究院，形成以軍事科學院為龍頭、軍兵種科研機構為骨干、院校和部隊科研力量為輔助的軍事科研力量布局。
Rebalancing and reorganizing military educational and research institutions. The PLA and the PAP have restructured the previous 77 universities and colleges into 44. The National Defense University (NDU) and the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) have been reorganized. China’s armed forces have established the CMC Steering Committee on Military Scientific Research and reorganized the Academy of Military Sciences (AMS) and the research institutes of the services. Thus, the military scientific research forces have been rebalanced with the AMS as the lead, the research institutes of the services and arms as the main forces, and the research components in educational institutions and the troops as supplements.

推進軍事政策制度改革
Reforming Military Policies and Institutions

堅持戰斗力標準，著眼調動軍事人員積極性、主動性、創造性，整體設計和推進軍事政策制度改革，建立健全中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系。
China’s armed forces take combat effectiveness as the criterion in the reform of military policies and institutions and encourage the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of all members of the armed forces. Reform is designed to build and improve the system of socialist military policies and institutions with Chinese characteristics.

深化軍隊黨的建設制度改革，維護黨中央權威和集中統一領導，確保黨對軍隊絕對領導。制定《關于加強新時代軍隊黨的建設的決定》等法規制度，推進完善軍隊黨的政治建設、思想建設、組織建設、作風建設、紀律建設制度。
They have deepened reform in the institutions for Party building in the military to uphold the authority of the CPCCC and its centralized and unified leadership, and ensure the absolute leadership of the CPC over the military. Rules and regulations including the Decision of China’s Armed Forces on Strengthening Party Building in the Military in the New Era have been formulated to improve the Party’s institutions in the military in order to enhance its political and theoretical buildup, consolidate organizations, improve conduct, and enforce discipline.

創新軍事力量運用政策制度，有效保障全面履行新時代軍隊使命任務。制定《海上護航行動條例（試行）》等法規制度，推進完善軍事戰略指導制度、戰備工作條例、聯合作戰法規等。
They have innovated in policies and institutions for military force employment in a bid to effectively perform all missions and tasks in the new era. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the Regulations on Vessel Protection Operations (Trial). The institutions of military strategic guidance, regulations on combat readiness duties, and rules and regulations on joint operations have all been optimized.

重塑軍事力量建設政策制度，更好解放和發展戰斗力。制定修訂《國防交通法》《軍事設施保護法》《文職人員條例》等法規制度，頒布實施新軍事訓練條例和軍事訓練大綱。推進建立軍官職業化制度，優化軍人待遇保障，健全軍人榮譽體系，完善軍事訓練、裝備發展、后勤建設、軍事科研、國防動員等方面政策制度，加快推進軍官法、兵役法等立法進程。
They have reformulated policies and institutions to further develop combat capabilities. Laws and regulations have been formulated and amended including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on National Defense Transportation, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Military Installations and the Regulations on Civilian Personnel in the Military. Newly-updated military training regulations and outlines have been promulgated. They have made progress in establishing the career officers system, optimizing the institutions of military welfare and support, improving the military honors system, and refining policies and institutions in training, equipment development, logistics, military research and national defense mobilization. Meanwhile, bigger legislative steps have been taken in relation to military officers and military service.

改革軍事管理政策制度，提升軍事系統運行效能，推動軍隊高質量發展。制定修訂《內務條令（試行）》《紀律條令（試行）》《隊列條令（試行）》《軍事立法工作條例》等法規制度，推進戰略管理、軍費管理、軍事司法等制度創新。
They have reformed the policies and institutions for military management to elevate the efficacy of military systems and boost quality development of the military. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the newly-updated Regulations on Routine Service of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Discipline of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Formation of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), and the Regulations on Military Legislation. China’s armed forces are enhancing institutional innovation in strategic management, defense expenditure management, and the military judicial system.

全面停止軍隊有償服務。截至2018年6月，軍隊各級機關、部隊及其所屬事業單位從事的房地產租賃、農副業生產、招接待等15個行業的有償服務活動基本停止，超過10萬個有償服務項目按期停止，累計停償項目比例達到94%，軍隊不從事經營活動的目標基本實現。
They have suspended all paid services. As of June, 2018, paid services provided by leading organs, operational units, and military-affiliated public institutions at all levels had been basically suspended, involving 15 sectors such as real estate lease, agricultural and associated products, and hospitality. Over 100,000 such projects have been suspended as scheduled, accounting for 94% of the total. The armed forces have achieved the goal of withdrawing from running businesses.

調整改革后的軍兵種和武警部隊
Reshuffled PLA and PAP Troops

陸軍對維護國家主權、安全、發展利益具有不可替代的作用。包括機動作戰部隊、邊海防部隊、警衛警備部隊等，下轄5個戰區陸軍、新疆軍區、西藏軍區等。東部戰區陸軍下轄第71、72、73集團軍，南部戰區陸軍下轄第74、75集團軍，西部戰區陸軍下轄第76、77集團軍，北部戰區陸軍下轄第78、79、80集團軍，中部戰區陸軍下轄第81、82、83集團軍。按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，加快實現區域防衛型向全域作戰型轉變，提高精確作戰、立體作戰、全域作戰、多能作戰、持續作戰能力，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。
The PLAA plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining China’s national sovereignty, security and development interests. It comprises maneuver operation, border and coastal defense, and garrison forces. Under the PLAA, there are 5 TC army commands, the Xinjiang military command, and the Tibet military command. The ETC Army has under it the 71st, 72nd, and 73rd group armies; the STC Army has the 74th and 75th group armies; the WTC Army has the 76th and 77th group armies; the NTC Army has the 78th, 79th and 80th group armies; and the CTC Army has the 81st, 82nd and 83rd group armies. In line with the strategic requirements of maneuver operations as well as multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA is speeding up the transition of its tasks from regional defense to trans-theater operations, and improving the capabilities for precise, multi-dimensional, trans-theater, multi-functional and sustained operations, so as to build a new type of strong and modernized land force.

海軍在國家安全和發展全局中具有十分重要的地位。包括潛艇部隊、水面艦艇部隊、航空兵、陸戰隊、岸防部隊等，下轄東部戰區海軍（東海艦隊）、南部戰區海軍（南海艦隊）、北部戰區海軍（北海艦隊），海軍陸戰隊等。戰區海軍下轄基地、潛艇支隊、水面艦艇支隊、航空兵旅等部隊。按照近海防御、遠海防衛的戰略要求，加快推進近海防御型向遠海防衛型轉變，提高戰略威懾與反擊、海上機動作戰、海上聯合作戰、綜合防御作戰和綜合保障能力，努力建設一支強大的現代化海軍。
The PLAN has a very important standing in the overall configuration of China’s national security and development. It comprises submarine, surface ship, aviation, marine, and coastal defense forces. Under the PLAN, there are the ETC Navy (Donghai Fleet), the STC Navy (Nanhai Fleet), the NTC Navy (Beihai Fleet), and the PLAN Marine Corps. Under the TC navies there are naval bases, submarine flotillas, surface ship flotillas and aviation brigades. In line with the strategic requirements of near seas defense and far seas protection, the PLAN is speeding up the transition of its tasks from defense on the near seas to protection missions on the far seas, and improving its capabilities for strategic deterrence and counterattack, maritime maneuver operations, maritime joint operations, comprehensive defense, and integrated support, so as to build a strong and modernized naval force.

空軍在國家安全和軍事戰略全局中具有舉足輕重的地位和作用。包括航空兵、空降兵、地面防空兵、雷達兵、電子對抗部隊、信息通信部隊等，下轄5個戰區空軍、1個空降兵軍等。戰區空軍下轄基地、航空兵旅（師）、地空導彈兵旅（師）、雷達兵旅等部隊。按照空天一體、攻防兼備的戰略要求，加快實現國土防空型向攻防兼備型轉變，提高戰略預警、空中打擊、防空反導、信息對抗、空降作戰、戰略投送和綜合保障能力，努力建設一支強大的現代化空軍。
The PLAAF plays a crucial role in overall national security and military strategy. It comprises aviation, airborne, ground-to-air missile, radar, ECM, and communications forces. Under the PLAAF, there are 5 TC air force commands and one airborne corps. Under the TC air forces, there are air bases, aviation brigades (divisions), ground-to-air missile brigades (divisions) and radar brigades. In line with the strategic requirements of integrating air and space capabilities as well as coordinating offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is accelerating the transition of its tasks from territorial air defense to both offensive and defensive operations, and improving its capabilities for strategic early warning, air strikes, air and missile defense, information countermeasures, airborne operations, strategic projection, and integrated support, so as to build a strong and modernized air force.

火箭軍在維護國家主權、安全中具有至關重要的地位和作用。包括核導彈部隊、常規導彈部隊、保障部隊等，下轄導彈基地等。按照核常兼備、全域懾戰的戰略要求，增強可信可靠的核威懾和核反擊能力，加強中遠程精確打擊力量建設，增強戰略制衡能力，努力建設一支強大的現代化火箭軍。
The PLARF plays a critical role in maintaining China’s national sovereignty and security. It comprises nuclear missile, conventional missile and support forces, and subordinate missile bases. In line with the strategic requirements of having both nuclear and conventional capabilities and deterring wars in all battlespaces, the PLARF is enhancing its credible and reliable capabilities of nuclear deterrence and counterattack, strengthening intermediate and long-range precision strike forces, and enhancing strategic counter-balance capability, so as to build a strong and modernized rocket force.

戰略支援部隊是維護國家安全的新型作戰力量，是新質作戰能力的重要增長點。包括戰場環境保障、信息通信保障、信息安全防護、新技術試驗等保障力量。按照體系融合、軍民融合的戰略要求，推進關鍵領域跨越發展，推進新型作戰力量加速發展、一體發展，努力建設一支強大的現代化戰略支援部隊。
The PLASSF is a new type of combat force for safeguarding national security and an important driver for the growth of new combat capabilities. It comprises supporting forces for battlefield environment, information, communications, information security, and new technology testing. In line with the strategic requirements of integrating existing systems and aligning civil and military endeavors, the PLASSF is seeking to achieve big development strides in key areas and accelerate the integrated development of new-type combat forces, so as to build a strong and modernized strategic support force.

聯勤保障部隊是實施聯勤保障和戰略戰役支援保障的主體力量，是中國特色現代軍事力量體系的重要組成部分。包括倉儲、衛勤、運輸投送、輸油管線、工程建設管理、儲備資產管理、采購等力量，下轄無錫、桂林、西寧、沈陽、鄭州5個聯勤保障中心，以及解放軍總醫院、解放軍疾病預防控制中心等。按照聯合作戰、聯合訓練、聯合保障的要求，加快融入聯合作戰體系，提高一體化聯合保障能力，努力建設一支強大的現代化聯勤保障部隊。
The PLAJLSF, as the main force for joint logistics as well as strategic and campaign level support, is an important component of the modern military force with Chinese characteristics. It comprises the support forces for inventory and warehousing, medical services, transport, force projection, oil pipelines, engineering and construction management, reserve assets management, and procurement. Under the PLAJLSF, there are 5 joint logistic support centers located respectively in Wuxi (Jiangsu Province), Guilin (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Xining (Qinghai Province), Shenyang (Liaoning Province), and Zhengzhou (Henan Province), as well as the PLA General Hospital and the PLA Center for Disease Prevention and Control. In line with the requirements of joint support for joint operations and joint training, the PLAJLSF is being integrated into the joint operations system to enhance the capabilities of integrated joint logistics, so as to build a strong and modernized joint logistic support force.

武警部隊在維護國家安全和社會穩定、保衛人民美好生活中肩負著重大職責，實行“中央軍委－武警部隊－部隊”領導指揮體制，武警部隊的根本職能屬性沒有發生變化，不列入解放軍序列。公安邊防部隊、公安消防部隊、公安警衛部隊退出現役，國家海洋局領導管理的海警隊伍轉隸武警部隊，武警黃金、森林、水電部隊整體移交國家相關職能部門并改編為非現役專業隊伍，撤收武警部隊海關執勤兵力，徹底理順武警部隊領導管理和指揮使用關系。調整后，武警部隊包括內衛部隊、機動部隊、海警部隊等。按照多能一體、有效維穩的戰略要求，加強執勤、處突、反恐、海上維權和行政執法、搶險救援等能力建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化武警部隊。
The PAP shoulders important responsibilities in safeguarding national security, social stability and public wellbeing. China has adopted a CMC-PAP-Troops leadership and command system with the basic duties and nature of the PAP unchanged. The PAP is not in the force structure of the PLA. The PAP border defense, firefighting and security guard forces have been decommissioned. The coast guard under the leadership of State Oceanic Administration has been transferred to the PAP. PAP goldmine, forest and hydroelectricity forces have been reorganized into specialized forces of non-active service under corresponding state authorities. Meanwhile, the PAP customs guard forces have been withdrawn. In this way, the leadership, management, command and employment of the PAP has become more coherent. Following adjustment and reorganization, the PAP is mainly composed of the internal security corps, the mobile corps, and the coast guard. In line with the strategic requirements of performing multiple functions and effectively maintaining social stability, the PAP is enhancing capacity in guard duties, emergency response, counter-terrorism, maritime rights protection, administrative enforcement and disaster relief, so as to build a strong and modernized armed police force.

推進國防和軍隊全面建設
Promoting Defense and Military Development in All Respects

始終把思想政治建設擺在軍隊各項建設首位。牢固確立習近平強軍思想的指導地位，堅決維護習近平總書記黨中央的核心、全黨的核心地位，堅決維護黨中央權威和集中統一領導，貫徹中央軍委主席負責制，政治意識、大局意識、核心意識、看齊意識進一步增強。2014年12月印發《關于新形勢下軍隊政治工作若干問題的決定》，推進政治整訓，軍隊重整行裝再出發。2018年8月召開中央軍委黨的建設會議，全面加強新時代軍隊黨的領導和黨的建設工作。著力培養有靈魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新時代革命軍人，鍛造具有鐵一般信仰、鐵一般信念、鐵一般紀律、鐵一般擔當的過硬部隊。
Placing theoretical and political buildup at the top of the agenda of the armed forces. China’s armed forces unswervingly take Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military as the guidance, firmly uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of the CPCCC and the whole Party, firmly uphold the authority of the CPCCC and its centralized and unified leadership, and follow the CMC Chairman responsibility system, in an effort to further strengthen the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core and keep in alignment. In accordance with the Decision on Issues Relating to the Military Political Work in the New Era issued in December 2014, China’s armed forces have improved their political work and embarked on a new journey of development. In order to fully strengthen the Party leadership and Party building of the military in the new era, a CMC meeting on party building was held in August, 2018. Great efforts are being made to cultivate revolutionary officers and soldiers of the new era with faith, ability, courage and integrity, and build troops with iron-like faith, conviction, discipline and commitment.

推進國防科技和軍事理論創新發展。加快實施科技興軍戰略，鞏固和加強優勢領域，加大新興領域創新力度，一些戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術自主創新取得重要進展，成功研制天河二號超級計算機等一批高技術成果。聚焦戰爭和作戰問題推進軍事理論創新，推出戰略、聯合作戰、信息化建設等一系列理論成果，為國防和軍隊建設提供理論支撐。
Promoting innovation in defense S&T and military theory. China’s armed forces are accelerating the implementation of the strategy to develop the military through S&T in a bid to maintain and enhance the strength of the areas where they lead, and intensify innovation in emerging areas. They have made great progress in independent innovation in some strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, and succeeded in developing strategic hi-tech products such as the Tianhe-2 supercomputer. Focusing on war and fighting wars, China’s armed forces have innovated in military doctrines and delivered outcomes in military strategy, joint operations and informationization, which have provided a theoretical support to defense and military development.

構建現代化武器裝備體系。完善優化武器裝備體系結構，統籌推進各軍兵種武器裝備發展，統籌主戰裝備、信息系統、保障裝備發展，全面提升標準化、系列化、通用化水平。加大淘汰老舊裝備力度，逐步形成以高新技術裝備為骨干的武器裝備體系。15式坦克、052D驅逐艦、殲－20戰斗機、東風－26中遠程彈道導彈等裝備列裝部隊。
Establishing a modernized weaponry and equipment system. China’s armed forces are optimizing the overall composition of weaponry and equipment, coordinating the efforts of all services and arms in this regard, promoting the balanced development of main battle equipment, information systems, and support equipment, with a view to comprehensively raising standardization, serial development and interoperability. Old equipment is being phased out, and a system created that mainly comprises new and high-tech weaponry and equipment. Type 15 tanks, type 052D destroyers, J-20 fighters, and DF-26 intermediate and long-range ballistic missiles have been commissioned.

建設一切為了打仗的現代化后勤。建立以聯勤部隊為主干、軍種為補充，統分結合、通專兩線的保障體制，構建以戰略戰役力量為主干、隊屬力量為補充、社會保障為依托，聯合、精干、高效的后勤力量體系，推動后勤力量融入戰區聯合訓練、軍兵種跨區訓練和中外聯演聯訓，推進前后方一體訓練，初步形成快速響應、全維參戰、精確保障能力。
Building a combat-oriented modern logistics system. China’s armed forces are putting in place a support mechanism combining centralized and decentralized support, as well as general and special-purpose supplies, with PLAJLSF as the backbone force and service logistics units as supplements. They are also building a joint, lean and efficient logistic support system with the strategic and campaign level forces as the main force, the affiliated forces as the support, and the civil sectors as supplements. Logistics units have been incorporated into TC-level joint training, trans-theater training by services and arms, and joint exercises and training with foreign militaries to strengthen the integrated training of logistical and operational forces. China’s armed forces have acquired a rapid, multi-dimensional and precise support capability.

強化戰略管理。堅持需求牽引規劃、規劃主導資源配置，建立完善“需求－規劃－預算－執行－評估”的戰略管理鏈路。制定軍隊發展戰略和重要領域、軍兵種、武警部隊發展戰略，形成戰略規劃和計劃體系。規范軍隊戰略規劃工作，頒布實施《軍隊建設發展“十三五”規劃綱要》，健全評估、督導、調控等制度機制。
Strengthening strategic management. Adopting demand-oriented planning and planning-led resource allocation, China’s armed forces have established and improved the strategic management procedures of demand-planning-budgeting-execution-evaluation. They have completed a system of strategic plans and programs composed of the development strategies of the military as a whole, and its key areas, branches, and the PAP. They have regulated military strategic planning, promulgated and implemented the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Military Development, and optimized the mechanisms for evaluation, supervision and control.

堅持依法治軍從嚴治軍。構建完善中國特色軍事法治體系，推動治軍方式根本性轉變。強化練兵備戰監督監察，深入糾治和平積弊。廣泛開展法治宣傳教育，建立健全法律咨詢服務保障機制，推進法治軍營建設。全面從嚴加強部隊管理，貫徹落實條令條例，恢復和完善軍隊司號制度，組織全軍安全大檢查，加強重大安全隱患排查整治，加大警備糾察工作力度，開展軍車管理專項整頓，建立警備工作定期通報機制，維護軍隊良好形象。
Governing the military with strict discipline and in accordance with the law. China’s armed forces are building a military legal system with Chinese characteristics and pressing ahead with a fundamental transformation in how the military is run. They are strengthening oversight and supervision in military training and combat readiness to uproot peacetime ills. They are promoting legal awareness through public communication and education campaigns, establishing and improving the support mechanism of legal consultation and service, and advancing law-based management in the military. China’s armed forces are striving to manage the troops more strictly in all respects. They have fully implemented military rules and regulations, restored and improved the traditional mechanism of using bugles to communicate and command, carried out safety inspections to identify and tackle potential problems, stepped up garrison military policing, strengthened the management of military vehicles by targeted measures, and set up a mechanism of regular notification on garrison military policing. These efforts have contributed to maintaining the positive image of the armed forces.

深入推進黨風廉政建設和反腐敗斗爭。嚴明政治紀律政治規矩，嚴肅查處郭伯雄、徐才厚、房峰輝、張陽等嚴重違紀違法案件。嚴格依紀依法懲治腐敗，開展重大工程建設、裝備物資采購等行業領域專項整治。建立基層風氣監察聯系點制度，查糾官兵身邊“微腐敗”和不正之風。深化政治巡視，完成對軍委機關部門、大單位巡視和回訪巡視全覆蓋。著力推進審計全覆蓋，加大重點領域、重大項目、重要資金審計力度，嚴格領導干部經濟責任審計，積極推行經費績效審計、全程跟蹤審計、軍地聯合審計。2012年以來，共審計3.9萬個（次）單位（部門）、1.3萬名團以上領導干部。反腐敗斗爭取得壓倒性勝利，風清氣正的良好政治生態基本形成。
Improving Party conduct, upholding integrity and continuing the fight against corruption. China’s armed forces are tightening political discipline and rules, investigating and dealing strictly with grave violations of CPC discipline and state laws as in the cases of Guo Boxiong, Xu Caihou, Fang Fenghui, and Zhang Yang. China’s armed forces punish corruption in strict accordance with CPC discipline and relevant laws, and rectify any malpractice in key construction projects and the procurement of equipment and material. Points-of-contact for discipline supervision have been designated at the small-unit level to investigate and combat “micro corruption” and misconduct in all its forms among service members. China’s armed forces have intensified political inspection by completing disciplinary inspections and re-inspections over all CMC functional organs, the TCs, services, AMS, NDU, NUDT and the PAP. They have worked to implement full-spectrum audit, intensify the audit of major fields, projects and funds, and perform strict audits over the economic liabilities of officers in positions of leadership. Active efforts have been made to monitor the cost-effectiveness of applied funds, conduct whole-process audit, and combine civil and military efforts in auditing. Since 2012, they have carried out audits over 39,000 units and 13,000 PLA and PAP officers in positions of leadership at and above regiment level. As a result, notable achievements have been made in the fight against corruption in China’s armed forces, and a healthy political atmosphere of integrity has formed.

推進國防動員現代化建設。理順國防動員組織領導體制，加強后備力量建設，精簡全國基干民兵規模，深化民兵預備役部隊規模結構、力量編成改革，推進預備役部隊與現役部隊一體建設和運用，加快實現由保障陸軍為主向保障多軍兵種轉變。
Modernizing national defense mobilization. China has refined the system of national defense mobilization to enhance the development of its defense reserves. China is streamlining the number of primary militia nationwide, driving deeper reform of militia and reserve forces in their size, structure and composition, promoting integrated development and employment of the reserve and active forces, and extending the function of national defense mobilization from mainly supporting the land force to supporting all branches at a faster pace.

結合深化黨和國家機構改革，組建退役軍人事務部，推進省、市、縣、鄉鎮（街道）、村（社區）退役軍人服務保障體系建設，出臺一系列優待優撫措施。扎實做好擁軍優屬、擁政愛民工作，積極參與脫貧攻堅，軍政軍民團結不斷鞏固，尊重軍人、優待軍人的社會氛圍正在形成。
In the process of deepening the reform of the CPC and governmental institutions, the Ministry of Veterans Affairs of the PRC has been set up. Through a series of preferential measures, the veteran support system is progressing at provincial, prefectural, county, town and township (sub-district), and village (community) levels. Substantial steps have been taken to enhance the government’s efforts to support the military and their families, and to strengthen the military’s support to the government and the people. China’s armed forces play an active role in poverty alleviation. The relationships between the military and the government and between the military and the people are getting even closer. There is a growing consensus across communities to respect and give preferential treatment to all service members.